Cloud-based device interaction

ABSTRACT

A logically centralized system or service, such as a cloud-based content management service, enables intelligent communication between disparate devices. Such communication enables content such as applications and data to be synchronized between various devices, where the synchronization takes into account the capabilities of each device to provide versions and/or formats of that content that are appropriate for each device. A user purchasing an additional device, for example, can have various applications and other content automatically installed or copied over to the additional device, but with versions or formats that take advantage of, and are appropriate for, the capabilities of that additional device. Further, the intelligent communication via a logically centralized service can enable such devices to interact even though those devices might utilize different protocols and/or formats, and might otherwise not be able to communicate or have ever have been tested together.

BACKGROUND

As an ever increasing number of users rely on multiple electronic andcomputing devices such as smart phones, portable data assistants,electronic book readers, personal media players, and the like, there arean increasing number of applications and an increasing distribution ofdata that must be managed by the average user. Further complicating theissue is the fact that a typical user likely upgrades at least one ofthese devices every other year, if not every year. Porting all necessaryinformation between existing devices or to a new device is not astraightforward process.

For example, data is often stored in proprietary data formats, oraccording to specific protocols, which can differ between devices.Further, the data is often stored in many different locations on adevice, which might be associated with specific applications. A usermight have to go through various export routines and synchronizationprocesses, and still might not be able to locate and copy all theappropriate data. Further, the user might not know how to export datafrom an application on one type of device to an application on anothertype of device. If the user wishes to use the same application on a newor different device, the user typically has to repurchase thatapplication for that specific device, and ensure that the purchasedversion is appropriate for the intended device. Various synchronizationapplications exist, but these are typically limited to certain types ofdevices and/or applications.

Also, there often is no easy way for these and other devices tocommunicate. A user might want to share information between multipledevices, but those devices might not have a common and/or establishedcommunication channel through which to share that information. Further,a user might want to be able to control aspects of one deviceinteracting with another device, but unless those devices are previouslyconfigured and/or designed to work together, there may be no convenientway to enable those devices to communicate and/or share information asdesired.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various embodiments in accordance with the present disclosure will bedescribed with reference to the drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates an environment in which various embodiments can beimplemented;

FIG. 2 illustrates graphical elements for similar applications executingon different types of devices with different capabilities in accordancewith various embodiments;

FIG. 3 illustrates an example data table including capabilities fordifferent types of devices that can be used in accordance with variousembodiments;

FIGS. 4( a) and 4(b) illustrate examples of capability information thatcan be received from various devices in accordance with variousembodiments;

FIG. 5 illustrates an example environment for synchronizing informationbetween devices that can be used in accordance with various embodiments;

FIG. 6 illustrates an example table including various licensing optionsfor an application or group of content that can be used in accordancewith various embodiments;

FIG. 7 illustrates an example process for synchronizing informationbetween devices that can be used in accordance with various embodiments;

FIG. 8 illustrates an example configuration enabling disparate devicesto communicate with each other in accordance with one embodiment; and

FIG. 9 illustrates an example process for enabling disparate devices tointeract with each other in accordance with one embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Systems and methods in accordance with various embodiments of thepresent disclosure overcome one or more of the above-referenced andother deficiencies in conventional approaches to managing communicationsbetween multiple devices. In particular, various embodiments enablecontent such as applications, media files, user data, and otherinformation to be synchronized between devices, where each device isable to receive at least some instances of that content in a format thatis dynamically determined to be appropriate for the device, based oninformation such as various capabilities of that particular device.Various embodiments can also enable devices to interact even when thedevices are of different types that might utilize different protocols,formats, or other options or capabilities that might otherwise notenable those devices to communicate or work together for at least somepurposes.

Approaches presented herein can be thought of as thinking aboutapplications and other types of content in terms of rights to thecontent instead of specific files or formats. Instead of buying anapplication in a particular format to be installed on a particulardevice, for example, users purchase varying types of licenses or rightsto content according to a version- or format-independent contentavailability business model, for example, which may include multipleexisting and/or future formats, as well as other versions of a commonformat. Under such a license, a user purchasing a device supporting anew format does not need to repurchase an application in that newformat, as the new format can already be included under the originallicense. Further, the upgrading of the application to the new format canbe determined and performed automatically, such that the user can alwaysaccess a format or version of the application that is optimal (or atleast appropriate) for the device being used to execute thatapplication. Once the user purchases such a license, the user can haverights to any evolution or variants of that content appropriate for agiven device. In some embodiments, a user can automatically receive anupdated version of the content (e.g., an application or file) wheneversuch a version becomes available, depending at least upon the rights ofthe user with respect to that content.

Further, instances of content might not be limited to a single format orversion in the traditional sense, but can comprise a composite format.For example, an instance of “content” could actually be comprised ofmultiple portions or elements of related content, each of which mighthave a different format or version, and may require different devicecapabilities. For example, an instance of content might relate to anexecutable application as a primary element or portion of the content,but might also include other types of content as well, such as videocontent, game content, electronic book content, audio or text content,etc. In some instances, these portions might be part of what is referredto herein as “static” content, where the instance of content comesbundled with specific versions or formats of each portion, and thoseportions do not change within the instance. In other instances, thecontent might be what is referred to herein as “dynamic” content,wherein portions of the content might change over time, or bedynamically selected based on interaction with the content. For example,static content might include a movie with the ability to view thescreenplay along with the movie. Dynamic content might allow a user tosubmit and view comments on a social networking site relating to themovie, or navigate to different elements via one or more decisionpoints.

Further, for instances of content with multiple portions there can be anindependent determination of which format or version to provide for eachportion. For example, in one embodiment where bundles are determinedtogether, an instance of content that includes a search application anda video rendering application might analyze the capabilities of theintended device and select the optimal combination based upon thosecapabilities. In some cases, the bundles might then be limited in numberand/or the possible combinations. In other embodiments, thedetermination might be separate, such that the optimal searchapplication can be determined and the optimal video renderingapplication can be determined separately, whereby the user can receivethe optimal version or format of each portion of the content.

In some embodiments where the user has the appropriate rights, thecontent can also upgrade the capabilities of the device and versions ofvarious portions automatically. For example, the content might includean application or other executable script. The script might be able todetermine versions of one or more applications or scripts on a computingdevice, such as a media player, rendering algorithm, or browser plug-in,and where possible can cause upgraded versions to be downloaded andinstalled on the computing device such that the device can have thenecessary capabilities to support a new version or format.

In some embodiments, “intelligent” content can provide one or moredecision points that can determine which portions or elements of thecontent the user is able to access. In some embodiments, the availabledecision points can depend at least in part upon the capabilities and/orrights of the user and the current device. For example, a movie orapplication might “contain” an optional dream sequence in 3D that can beaccessed by a user at a certain state. If the user does not have a 3Dcapable device, or does not have rights to that portion, then thedecision point might not be available for the user. In some embodiments,the user might obtain a different option or element, such as the abilityto view a two-dimensional version of that portion, or potentially tohave access to a different portion, such as a storyboard or commentarydescribing the contents of the 3D portion. Such an approach canencourage purchasing of content and repeated viewing on differentdevices, as the experience can differ based at least in part upon thecapabilities of the various devices.

As mentioned, the selection of an appropriate format for a device candepend at least in part upon the capabilities of the device.Capabilities in general include things like audio and videocapabilities, as discussed in greater detail below, but can also includethings like connection speed, processor or GPU capabilities, supportedindustry formats, types of input device (particularly for things likegames), types of output device, etc. Various other factors can be usedas well as should be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art inlight of the present disclosure.

For example, in some embodiments aspects such as the current rate ofpower consumption or amount of remaining battery life can be factoredinto the decisions about versions and/or formats to send to a device.For example, an application might be able to be rendered on a devicewith a high resolution that is relatively resource intensive. If theuser is using a portable device with limited battery life, for example,the user might configure the device to maintain power usage below aspecified rate, or reduce consumption when the remaining battery lifehits a certain level. Thus, if the portable device meets at least one ofthese criteria, the device can execute or receive a format or version ofthe application with a lower resolution.

In some embodiments, the device might monitor power consumption or othersuch levels, and might contact a content delivery or management servicewhen such a criterion is met, which can cause the version or format tochange automatically to the version or format that consumes resources ata lower rate. Switching between versions or formats can be donevirtually seamlessly, with the user able to resume in substantially thesame state in the other format. In some embodiments, when the userperforms an action such as to plug in the device, the device can go backto rendering the higher resolution version or format, etc.

The determinations of various device capabilities, as well as versionsand/or formats of content appropriate for those devices, can beperformed by at least one logically centralized system or service. A“logically centralized” service, for example, can include at least oneset of computing, storage, and/or other such resources that sit“between” two devices, such as across at least one network andaccessible to both devices. A service can include any system orcomponents provided by at least one entity that is able to send andreceive requests to various types of devices, and perform anytransformations, mappings, conversions, or other processes necessary forthose devices to communicate via the service. A service also can be ableto store information for various devices and/or determine content to besynchronized to various devices. A service can validate user identities,and determine rights to various content for those users. A service alsocan communicate with various content and/or application providers toprovide the content of the proper format and versions for the variousdevices. It should be understood that terms such as “cloud service” and“content management service” are used for purposes of simplicity andease of explanation, but these terms should be understood to be examplesof the types of systems, services, components, devices, and/or entitiesthat can perform any or all of the functions described herein withrespect to the various embodiments described herein. Further, varioussystems, services, devices, components, providers, and other suchentities can work together to provide various portions of suchfunctionality.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of an environment 100 in which varioustypes of devices can request, send, and receive content, data,communications, and other information across at least one electronicnetwork that can be used in accordance with various embodiments.Although the example environment is presented as an Internet-basedenvironment for purposes of explanation, it should be understood thatdifferent network environments may be used, as appropriate, to implementvarious embodiments. The example environment includes a number ofelectronic client devices 102 operable to send and receive various typesof information over an appropriate network 104 and convey informationback to a user of the device. Examples of such client devices includepersonal computers, cell phones, handheld messaging devices, laptopcomputers, set-top boxes, personal data assistants, electronic bookreaders, and the like. Each device can correspond to one or more users,and each user can have one or more devices. The network 104 can includeany appropriate network, including an intranet, the Internet, a cellularnetwork, a local area network, or any other such network or combinationthereof. Components used for such a system can depend at least in partupon the type of network and/or environment selected. Protocols andcomponents for communicating via such a network are well known and willnot be discussed herein in detail. Communication over the network can beenabled via wired or wireless connections and combinations thereof. Inthis example, the network includes the Internet, as the environmentincludes a Web server 106 for receiving requests from user devices andserving content in response thereto, although for other networks analternative device serving a similar purpose could be used, as would beapparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in light of the presentdisclosure.

The illustrative environment includes at least one application server108 (or content server) and at least one data store 110. It should beunderstood that there can be several application servers, layers,processes, components, or other such elements, which may be chained orotherwise configured, which can interact to perform tasks such asobtaining data from an appropriate data store. As used herein the term“data store” refers to any device or combination of devices capable ofstoring, accessing, and retrieving data, which may include anycombination and number of data servers, databases, data storage devices,and data storage media, in any standard, distributed, or clusteredenvironment. The application server can include any appropriate hardwareand software for integrating with the data store as needed to executeaspects of one or more applications for the client device and handling amajority of the data access and business logic for an application. Theapplication server provides access control services in cooperation withthe data store and is able to generate content such as text, graphics,audio, and/or video to be transferred to the user, which may be servedto the user by the Web server in the form of HTML, XML, or anotherappropriate structured language in this example. The handling of allrequests and responses, as well as the delivery of content between theclient device 102 and the application server 108, can be handled by theWeb server 106. It should be understood that the Web and applicationservers are not required and are merely example components, asstructured code discussed herein can be executed on any appropriatedevice or host machine as discussed elsewhere herein.

The data store 110 can include several separate data tables, databases,or other data storage mechanisms and media for storing data relating toa particular aspect. For example, the data store illustrated includesmechanisms for storing content 112 (e.g., audio, video, game, andelectronic book content), licensing information 114, user information116, and device information 118, which can be used to serve contentusing one or more of the approaches discussed herein. It should beunderstood that there can be many other types of information stored insuch a data store, such as page image information and access rightsinformation, which can be stored in any of the above listed mechanismsas appropriate or in additional mechanisms in the data store 110. Thedata store 110 is operable, through logic associated therewith, toreceive instructions from the application server 108 and obtain, update,or otherwise process data in response thereto. In one example, a usermight submit a request for a certain type of content. In this case, thedata store might access the user information to verify the identity ofthe user and access the content information to obtain information aboutinstances of that type of content. The information and/or content canthen be returned to the user, such as in a results listing on a Web pagethat the user is able to view via a browser or other application on theuser device 102.

Information for a particular instance of content can be viewed in adedicated page or window of the browser, in a media player, as part ofan application, or via any other appropriate interface.

Each server typically will include an operating system that providesexecutable program instructions for the general administration andoperation of that server and typically will include non-transitorycomputer-readable media storing instructions that, when executed by aprocessor of the server, allow the server to perform its intendedfunctions. Suitable implementations for the operating system and generalfunctionality of the servers are known or commercially available and arereadily implemented by persons having ordinary skill in the art,particularly in light of the disclosure herein.

The environment in one embodiment is a distributed computing environmentutilizing several computer systems and components that areinterconnected via communication links, using one or more computernetworks or direct connections. However, it will be appreciated by thoseof ordinary skill in the art that such a system could operate equallywell in a system having fewer or a greater number of components than areillustrated in FIG. 1. Thus, the depiction of the system 100 in FIG. 1should be taken as being illustrative in nature and not limiting to thescope of the disclosure.

An environment such as that illustrated in FIG. 1 is often referred toas a “cloud computing” environment, as various operations can occur onbehalf of the user on one or more devices that may be distributed acrossvarious appliances, locations, and/or geographical regions, referred toas being performed “in the cloud.” By storing information and content insuch a distributed environment, and offloading at least somecomputations or operations to remote systems or services, user devicescan offer more functionality than would otherwise be possible, or atleast practical, using a device alone. For example, a user of a userdevice 102 might want to download and install an application on thedevice. One approach to obtaining the application is to purchase rights(e.g., a license) to the application, and send a request across anetwork 104 to an appropriate address (e.g., a URL of a Web server 106of a content provider). The Web server can forward the request to anappropriate system or service, such as an application server 108, whichincludes executable instructions for analyzing the request (and anyrelated requests) to determine information such as the source of therequest, the target information, and identity information for the user.The application server is able to validate the user identity againstinformation in a user data store 116, for example, and determine whetherthe user has rights to the application using information in a licensedata store 114, or similar location. If the user has rights to theapplication, the application server can cause information for theapplication (e.g., an executable installation file) to be pulled from acontent data store 112, application storage repository, or other suchlocation, and sent to the destination specified by the request. Itshould be understood that there can be many additional or alterativesystems or services for performing any of these or other such tasks asdiscussed and suggested herein. Further, the information returned to thedestination can include any appropriate information, such as a copy ofthe application files or an address from which to download or otherwiseobtain the files.

As discussed, a conventional license that the customer purchases (orotherwise obtains) often entitles the user to one copy of anapplication, or at most one copy of the application at any given time.In some cases, a user might get a multi-user license or multi-devicelicense. For each of these cases, however, the user typically only getsaccess to the application in one format per the license, such as anapplication that runs on the user's smart phone but not on the user'stablet computer. For example, if the user buys a copy of a wordprocessing application in a format for a specific type of computer, theuser does not also obtain rights to a copy of that application in adifferent format for use with a smart phone or other such device. Evenin cases where users are able to obtain multiple formats, such as byobtaining rights to a full version and a mobile version of anapplication, the user must manually select the appropriate format foreach device included in the license, such as by placing an installationdisc in the computer or downloading the application from a specificaddress. If the user buys a device with a different format orcapability, the user must buy another copy of the application in orderto take advantage of that format or capability. The need for multiplepurchases of each application can get expensive, and can result inmultiple versions that must be managed by the user. For example, theremight be a specific export or conversion process for the data stored byeach version or format which must be executed by the user. Further,people often do not appreciate having to repurchase applications eachtime a new format is developed or the user switches to a new device.Customers thus can either be reluctant to buy into new formats orversions, which can be bad for manufacturers and application developers,or can even illegally obtain the application in the new format, which iseven worse.

As discussed, users typically must also manually copy over much, if notall, of the data between devices when attempting to upgrade to a newdevice or synchronize information across multiple devices. For example,personal contact information can be desirable to synchronize acrossvarious devices. While some applications provide synchronizationprograms, the user must know which program to run for each device, andmust have cables or other communication mechanisms established thatenable information to be transferred between those devices. In someinstances, the application on one device utilizes a different storage ordata format, such that the data cannot be synchronized and has to beentered, imported, or otherwise manually processed by the user. In somecases, the user has to manually search for and locate the data to copy,which can result in the user missing data stored in various locations.

In some existing approaches, data and other information can be “backedup” to a network location, whereby copies of data, application files,and other information for a user are stored to a location across anetwork. Such an approach enables that particular device (or a similartype of device) to be restored in the event of a crash, loss of data, orother such problem.

Such an approach still comes with many of the problems associated withcopying data from one device to another, however, as the samedifferences in protocols, applications, etc. still exist with respect tocopying information from the network location to the new device.

Approaches in accordance with various embodiments descried and suggestedherein enable users to change the way in which applications arepurchased or otherwise consumed, as well as the way in which data forthose applications is managed for various devices. Further, variousembodiments provide for intelligent application delivery such that usersdo not need to manage various formats or versions, or make sure that theappropriate and/or optimal format is being accessed on a given device.Various embodiments enable users to obtain new or updated versions ofcertain applications on the same or different devices, and automaticallymanage and/or synchronize data for those applications, as those versionsbecome available and/or as users obtain or access devices that arecapable of executing new versions or formats. Various other capabilitiesand functions are provided as well as discussed with respect to thevarious embodiments.

As an example, consider the situation 200 of FIG. 2 wherein a user hastwo devices, in this case an existing smart phone 200 and a newlyobtained smart phone 250. Each of these devices is capable of executingsimilar types of applications, displaying similar content, and storingsimilar data. The capabilities of these example devices, however, aresignificantly different. For example, the newer device 250 in thisexample has a higher resolution display 252, a faster processor, morememory, and is able to support newer protocols and formats.

Various other aspects of these devices can differ as well as known inthe art. Accordingly, certain applications that a user executes on theexisting device 200 might have newer formats that will execute on thenewer device 250, which can provide enhanced functionality, betterperformance, etc. The format for the new device also can be optimized totake advantage of functionality offered on the new device.

In order to take advantage of these newer formats, however, the useraccording to conventional approaches typically must purchase anddownload (or otherwise obtain) these copies for the new devices. Even incases where some of the applications are pre-installed on the newdevices, however, the user still must synchronize the data between theapplications on the various devices. In this example, it will be assumedthat there is a “contacts” application (indicated by icon 204 on theolder device and icon 254 on the newer device) and a calendarapplication (indicated by icon 206 on the older device and icon 256 onthe newer device) pre-installed on each device. If these formats and/orversions are compatible, and the user has a cable or other mechanism forconnecting the devices, the user could perform a synchronization foreach of the applications, such as to copy over contacts and appointmentsto the newer (or even same) format/version applications on the newdevice 250. If the pre-installed applications are not compatible, suchas where the applications come from different providers with differentdata formats, etc., then the user would have to figure out a way toenter the information into the new device. For applications such as anemail application (indicated by icon 208 on the older device and icon258 on the newer device) that was not pre-installed, the user would haveto obtain a license and install the application on the new device, andperform a similar porting of the data. The user also would have toensure that any configuration or preference information is entered intothe new application copy as well. Certain applications, such as a clockapplication (indicated by icon 210 on the older device and icon 260 onthe newer device), may not require data to be copied over betweendevices, but still may require different formats for different devices,a separate download and install process, and another configurationprocess to enable the application to operate with user preferences. Ascan be seen, there can be a number of lengthy processes needed toutilize only these four applications on another device. In typicalsituations where the user may have dozens of applications, as well aspotentially thousands of data and media files, etc., the synchronizationprocess can be very complicated and unpleasant for a number of users.

In some instances the user can simplify a conventional synchronizationprocess by utilizing the same version and format on the newer device, ifpossible. Such an approach may not take advantage of many of thefeatures that prompted the user to upgrade to a newer device, however.Further, relying on older versions to simplify the synchronizationprocess does not address the fact that oftentimes newer applications andother entities or modules may not support these older versions.

Approaches in accordance with various embodiments enable a user toaccess applications and related data and/or content from any of a numberof different types of devices, and obtain the applications and relatedcontent in a format or version that substantially matches thecapabilities of each device (or at least as much as possible orpractical). The user does not have to know the capabilities of eachdevice, or the format(s) available for each device, but canautomatically obtain a version and/or format that takes advantage of thecapabilities of the current device. The user can submit a request fromany of these devices without having to utilize a special address, inputor select specific information, or perform any other such operation, andan application executing in the cloud or at another appropriate locationcan determine the format to be obtained by the device. Further, variousapproaches can also synchronize data between the devices, including datafor the various applications, and can map, reformat, or otherwisemanipulate or transform the data as necessary to be stored andaccessible on each device, as well as to be able to be utilized by thevarious applications. Further, any updates to the applications, content,or data on either device can be synchronized across the various devicesfor the user, where the data transformations and similar operations areperformed in the cloud as necessary, without any need in most cases forany manual involvement from the user.

In at least one embodiment, information for various devices ismaintained in a single location. For example, a content managementservice could keep a list of device information, or could subscribe toanother service that provides capabilities for various devices. Theinformation can be maintained for types of devices, such as fordifferent models from different manufacturers, or can be maintained forspecific user devices. In some cases, the service can store generalcapability data for specific models, and store data for specific userdevices when the information varies, such as when a user upgrades memoryor a video card in a specific device. FIG. 3 illustrates an exampletable 300 that can be maintained for such purposes. In the exampletable, a first column 302 contains unique identifiers for each deviceand/or type of device for which information has been obtained. Theseidentifiers can be any appropriate unique identifiers, such as productserial numbers or other such identifiers for device types, and similarappropriate identifiers for specific user devices. In some embodiments,unique keys will be generated which then require a mapping to specificdevices or categories of devices having similar capabilities. Variousother options can be used as well. The example table also includesseveral columns 304 listing various capabilities of each type of device.For example, the information for the first device (with ID SX3df)indicates that type of device can handle stereo sound and highdefinition (HD) video, includes a 3.0 GHz processor with 4 GB of RAM,and is able to display content up to a resolution of 1920×1080 pixels.It should be understood that any combination of these and/or other suchcapabilities or specifications of each device can be utilized as well,and that different types of information might be stored for differenttypes of devices. The other devices listed include information for atleast some of these and/or other such capabilities as well. When arequest is received to obtain an application, receive data, or accesscontent for a device, or to perform a synchronization or similaroperations which could include any or all of these actions, the systemor service can access this table to determine the capabilities of thattype of device. Using the capability information, a format selector orother such component or module can utilize one or more selectionalgorithms, criteria, or other such approaches to determine one or moreformats appropriate and/or optimal for that type of device, as well asappropriate mappings, transformations, etc.

In some embodiments, the format selector will select the format with themost advanced capabilities that is compatible with the device. Forexample, the format selector can select the application with the newestfunctionality, that is able to support the greatest number of protocols,that renders an interface with the highest resolution, etc. In somecases, the selector can always select the most recent version of anapplication that is capable of being supported by the device. In othercases, the selector can utilize an algorithm that can rank the formats,or obtain rankings from a provider of the application in the variousformats, for example, and can select the highest ranking format (oranother format per at least one selection criterion) to provider to thedevice. In some cases, there might be various formats available thathave different levels of capability combinations. Various rankingfactors can be utilized to determine the overall ranking score of eachformat in such an instance. In some cases, users can set rankings,specify formats to be preferred or not considered, etc. In some cases,the user might specify to never upgrade or change formats from anexisting version or format, where possible, unless requested or approvedby the user. In some embodiments, an application provider or contentmanager can examine other information such as user history or behaviorinformation to attempt to determine a format that is not onlyappropriate for the device, but also optimal for that particular user.

In at least some embodiments, however, it can be undesirable or at leastimpractical to attempt to maintain a list of all potential devices andcapabilities, which must be updated each time a new device is available,an upgraded capability is available, etc. Further, certain software orsoftware upgrades might be made to specific devices such that devices ofthe same type might have different capabilities. Accordingly, approachesin accordance with various embodiments instead obtain the capabilityinformation from the device itself

For example, a content management service might receive a request toinstall a specified application to a specific device. If not alreadyincluded in the initial request, the content management service mightsend a response back to the device to ask for the capabilities of thedevice. In some embodiments, this response is sent only if there aremultiple formats of the requested application available, or if theapplication is of a type of format that might not be able to be accessedproperly (or at all) on certain devices. The response can be for a listof all relevant capabilities, as may conform to a specific standard, orfor values of specific capabilities. The device then can send theinformation to the content management service (or directly to anapplication provider) in a form similar to that illustrated in theexample table 400 of FIG. 4( a).

In this example, the device sends a list of all potential formats and/orcapabilities that are supported by the device, such as are describedabove with respect to FIG. 3. Using this information, an applicationselector can determine all potential combinations of capabilities forthe device and use these combinations to select the appropriate and/oroptimal application version or format to be installed on that device.The capabilities in some embodiments are ranked by the relative desireof each capability. It should be understood that a table is just anexample, and that the information can be conveyed in any appropriatemanner.

FIG. 4( b) illustrates another example of a capability table 450 thatcan be sent by a device in accordance with various embodiments. In thisexample, the device does not include each of the capabilities of thedevice, but lists specific capabilities, as may be requested by theapplication provider or content management service. In some embodiments,these can be specific capabilities which the user requests or requires.In other embodiments, these values can be preferences or can specify themaximum value for each capability. For example, if a device can supportany common video resolution up to HD video, the device might return asingle value of HD, and the content provider can select any formatincluding or up to HD-quality video.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example system configuration 500 that can takeadvantage of such capability information to dynamically andintelligently determine appropriate versions and/or formats ofapplications, data, and other such content to be received to a userdevice, as may be part of an installation or synchronization process inaccordance with the various embodiments. In this example, a user owninga current device 502 is attempting to synchronize and/or portinformation from that device to a new device 504, having differentcapabilities as discussed above with respect to FIG. 2. It should beunderstood, however, that similar approaches could be used when a userattempts to purchase an application or content for either device, orwhen changes are made to one device that need to also be made to theother device. Further, it should be apparent to one of ordinary skill inthe art that this figure includes basic components for purposes ofexplanation and ease of understanding, but that there can be manyadditional and/or alternative components utilized for such purposeswithin the scope of the various embodiments.

Although a synchronization process can be initiated in any of a numberof different ways, in this example the user logs into a Web siteoperated by a content management service 512 from the new device 504.Assuming the user has an account or otherwise has information storedwith the content management service, the user can send a request to thecontent management service, through the Web site, to synchronize the newdevice 504 with at least one other device for which the contentmanagement service has information. In some embodiments, this caninclude synchronizing information from any or all of the devices forwhich the content management service has information. In otherembodiments, the user might select a specific device (e.g., the currentdevice 502) to synchronize with the new device 504.

When the content management service 512 receives the synchronizationrequest, the service (having already validated or authenticated anidentity of the user during the login process) can examine informationfor that data in a user data store 516 to determine existing informationfor that user, such as existing devices, types of applications orcontent to be synchronized, etc. The content management service 512 alsocan send across the network 506 a request to the new device 504 forcapability information, as discussed above, or at least identifyinginformation that can be used to determine capability information forthat device.

In addition to determining the capability information of the new device504, the content management service must also determine information fromthe current device 502 to be synchronized. In some embodiments, a copyof the information may be stored by the content management service, suchas in a user data store 516 or other appropriate location. In otherembodiments, the content management service may send a separate requestto the current device 502 for synchronization information, such as listof applications, data, and other content to be synchronized onto the newdevice. In still other embodiments, the content management service (oran application associated with the content management service) can scanthe current device 502 for synchronization information, then send thatinformation over the network 506 to the content management service 512.Various other options for obtaining this information can be used as wellwithin the scope of the various embodiments.

Capability information obtained for the new device 504 andsynchronization information indicating applications, data, and othercontent from the current device 502 to be synchronized to the new devicecan be forwarded to a synchronization manager 514 or similar system orservice. As part of the synchronization process, the synchronizationmanager can determine a list of applications to be installed on the newdevice 504. In some embodiments the synchronization manager will attemptto copy over, download, and/or install all applications, while in otherembodiments the user might specify certain applications to include (ornot include), or capabilities might prevent certain applications frombeing installed on the new device. In at least some embodiments, thesynchronization manager can analyze a rights data store 518 and/orcontact at least one rights maintenance service to attempt to determinewhether the user has existing rights to install each application on thenew device, as well as to which formats or versions those rights apply.In cases where the user does not have rights to install another instanceof the application, or does not have rights to install the optimalversion for the new device, the user can be prompted to purchase a newlicense, expand an existing license, choose not to install thatapplication on the new device, or any of a number of other such options.

Except in cases where the content management service provides files forone or more applications to be installed on the new device, thesynchronization manager can determine an appropriate version of eachapplication or send information to the application provider to make sucha determination, then provide the user or the application provider withinformation necessary to cause the application to be installed on thenew device 504. In some embodiments, the content management service (inresponse to a request or at any other appropriate time) can contact atleast one application provider 510 for information about variouscapabilities or specifications needed to run certain applications, aswell as different versions or formats of those applications. Thus, whencapability information for a device is determined, the synchronizationmanager can determine the appropriate version or format, and canindicate to the user and/or application provider which version and/orformat is appropriate. In other embodiments, the synchronization managercan send capability and similar information for the user and device tothe application provider, who will then determine the appropriate formatand/or version. After the determination is made, the content managementservice and/or application provider in certain embodiments can send alink or address to the new device 504 enabling the device and/or a userof the device to download (or otherwise obtain) the appropriate versionand/or format. In other embodiments, the content management service cansend instructions to the application provider that the applicationshould be pushed to the new device. Various other options can exist aswell, which can be configurable and/or require authorization by theuser. If the user has several applications to be installed on the newdevice, the synchronization manager might need to contact multipleapplication providers as appropriate.

In addition to causing applications to be installed on the new device504, the content management service might also have to cause informationfor those applications to be copied to the new device. As discussed, insome embodiments the data and user information for the old device can bestored on the network, such as to one or more data warehouses 508 orother appropriate locations. In other cases, the data and informationmight be stored by the content management service, the current device,or any other appropriate entity. The synchronization manager 512 candetermine the data that needs to be copied to the new device 504, aswell as the format and/or application corresponding to that data on thecurrent device 502. In some cases, an application on the new device willuse the same data format, etc., such that data can be copied directly tothe new device. In other cases, the format or another aspect of the datafor the new application is different, or the user has installed adifferent application with different data requirements, such that amapping or transformation must occur. In some embodiments the contentmanagement service stores at least some of the necessary information,while in other embodiments the synchronization manager can contact atleast one application provider or third party mapping or datatransformation service in order to make any changes necessary for thedata to work with the application(s) on the new device. In someembodiments, the data stored to the data warehouse 508 is first mappedto a general data format specified by the content management service512, such that when the data is to be copied to a new device a knownmapping from the general data format to the format for the new devicecan be used. Various other mappings and data transformations can be usedas well.

The synchronization manager also can look to various types of files tobe copied over to the new device 504. In some cases, any documents,pictures, and other such files created by a user can be copied over tothe new device without alteration or transformation. In otherembodiments, as may be configurable by the user, the synchronizationmanager might cause documents to be saved in a format appropriate for aword processing application on the new device, images might be processedto improve quality or resolution using tools on the new device, or anyother appropriate change can be made as appropriate. Further, using thecapability information of the new device, as well as rights and othersuch information, the synchronization manager can cause appropriateversions and/or formats of content stored on the current device to bestored to the new device. For example, if the user has a format of amovie stored on the current device, but an improved version is availablethat will work with the new device, the synchronization manager orcontent management service can cause the optimal or improved version tobe stored to the new device during the synchronization process. Thus,not only is the content copied over to the new device, but the versionor format of that content can be selected automatically based at leastin part upon the capabilities of the new device. Various approaches foroptimizing or dynamically selecting content formats to be provided to aspecific device are described in co-pending U.S. Patent Application No.______, entitled “______,” filed ______, which is hereby incorporatedherein by reference. [Attorney Docket No: 026014-016200US]

The synchronization manager 514 can monitor the synchronization process,and can contact the user regarding any conflicts, inconsistencies,questions, or other such issues with the synchronization process. Ifthere are any applications, instances of content or data, or otherinformation that should be synchronized with the current device, asimilar process (or portion of the same process) can cause thatinformation to be copied to the current device as well, such as toupdate new contacts on the current device, etc. In at least someembodiments, the user can control whether information on the new deviceis also synchronized with, and copied onto, the current (previous)device. Further, if the user has multiple devices registered with thecontent management service, the synchronization process can be extendedto include these devices as well. In some embodiments, the user canconfigure which information to synchronize between certain devices. Forexample, a user might want business information synchronized betweenbusiness devices, and personal information only synchronized betweenpersonal devices, while information such as the user's calendar (andcalendaring application) might be synchronized between all devices.

As part of the synchronization process, an application also can bestored on the new device that monitors for any changes on the device,and communicates with the synchronization manager to enable thesynchronization manager to determine whether those changes should bepropagated to any of the other devices for that user (or group ofusers). In other embodiments, one or more applications on the new devicecan be configured to communicate change information to thesynchronization manager. In still other embodiments, the contentmanagement service and/or synchronization manager can periodically scanthe devices for differences that should be synchronized to otherdevices. In at least some embodiments, the user can also manuallyinitiate a scan for synchronization, scans can be setup at specifictimes or intervals, etc. As part of the scans, or based upon informationstored by the content management service, information for the variousapplications can be analyzed and new application versions can beautomatically installed to the various devices as appropriate, basedupon factors such as capabilities, rights, and user configuration andpreference options, as discussed herein. Using such an approach, adevice not only receives the optimal version of an application orinstance of content at synchronization or installation, but can alsoautomatically receive updated versions or formats as those versions orformats become available.

As discussed, the mere fact that there are multiple formats of anapplication available, one or more of which might be optimal for aparticular device, does not necessarily determine which format orversion the device or user receives. For example, the license obtainedby the user for that application or piece of content might not includeaccess to certain formats. A user might have only purchased or otherwiseobtained a license for a single format (e.g., downloaded a specificversion without rights to other versions), such that the other formatsare not accessible on other devices even if the format for the purchasedlicense cannot be accessed on that device. Even if the license entitlesthe user to other versions or formats at the time of obtaining thelicense, the license might not apply to future versions or specificformats, etc.

Embodiments discussed herein can consider the rights to specific contentfor a user, as opposed to specific instances of that content as inprevious approaches. For example, instead of registering that a user haspurchased a specific version of a video game in a particular format, alicense determination module or other such component or service caninstead register, update, and otherwise maintain the rights that theuser has to versions, formats, and/or instances of that game. Forexample, the table 600 of FIG. 6 illustrates variations of rights to anapplication or piece of content that can be obtained by a user. In thisexample, the user can purchase a license that enable that user to accessor install a game on a specific number of devices. For example, the usermight purchase a single-device license whereby the user is only able toinstall that content on a specified device. Depending upon the terms ofthe license, the user might be able to migrate that license to adifferent device, specifying at most one device at a time, or thelicense might be tied to a specific physical device. A user might alsobe able to purchase a multi-device license, whereby in this example theuser can install the game on up to four devices at a time. The cost canbe greater for a multi-device license than a single device license. Auser in some embodiments might also be able to purchase a licensewhereby the user can install the game files on any device, with thelicense still applying to personal use by that user (or up to aspecified number of users). In an unlimited personal device license, theuser might have to be identified to the application provider in such away that the application provider can monitor whether the user isenabling other users to improperly utilize the unlimited personallicense, in order to prevent content theft. The cost for unlimitedpersonal use also can increase accordingly.

While there are various types of multi-user or multi-device licensesknown in the art, approaches in accordance with various embodiments alsoenable users to purchase varying levels of format and/or versionlicenses, which can include versions or formats that are not yetdeveloped or available, and that can be provided to a user automaticallywhen available without the user necessarily knowing the type of formator version. And, as discussed elsewhere herein, these formats and/orversions can be selected dynamically and/or intelligently by a system orservice based at least in part upon the capabilities of the device whichthe user is using to access the content.

For example, in FIG. 6 there is a licensing option that enables a userto purchase a single version and/or format license, which enables theuser to install only the original format and/or version that the userobtained via purchase, download, etc. Depending upon the type of devicelicense, the user might be able to install this format and version onmultiple devices, but those devices still will only be able to installthat particular version and/or format, independent of the capabilitiesof those devices. For example, if the user purchases a version of a gamein standard definition and decides to play that game on a device capableof rendering high definition content, the device still will only be ableto play the standard definition version allowed under the license.

The user also can be able to obtain, in at least some embodiments, alicense to all current versions and/or formats. For example, a userpurchasing an online video game might be able to purchase a license toplay that game in any existing format, such that the user can accessthat game from a personal computer, Xbox 360®, Playstation 3®, or Wii®,which might include all the formats in which that game can be accessedat the current time. The cost for such a license might not be anygreater than for a single format license, as the essential content mightnot be different, but the interface through which the user accesses thecontent might be in sufficiently different formats. In another example,the user might be able to obtain a license to DVD, Blu-ray®, and digitalcopy versions of a movie. The cost for obtaining the license to allthree can be greater than the cost to obtain a license to just one ofthese formats, but less than the cost of obtaining licenses to two orthree of the formats individually. Such an approach can be attractive toa user because the user can obtain additional formats of the movie for arelatively small additional cost, and can be attractive to the providerof the movie as such a pricing structure encourages the users topurchase a more expensive license with the original purchase.

Also as seen in FIG. 6, a user in at least some embodiments can obtain alicense to any version or format, including any future version or formatof the game. For example, the user might today be able to play a gamewith any appropriate output by format, such as formats or versionscapable of rendering 3D, HD, and/or SD output. By purchasing orotherwise obtaining a license to any format, the user also can download,install, or upgrade to that content in those formats as those formatsbecome available. For example, technology might develop that enables thegame to be displayed as a fully three-dimensional hologram. If the userat some point in time purchases such a holographic game console, theuser will not have to repurchase that game in the new format. Such alicense can be attractive to a user as a user can purchase anapplication or piece of content once and not have to worry aboutrepurchasing again at a later time in a new format, etc. Such a licensealso can be attractive to a content provider because, although theprovider will lose revenue from users repurchasing their applicationsand/or catalog of content in new formats, the provider will obtain moneyfor formats that do not yet exist, which can improve short term revenuewhile providing funds to develop those future formats up front (insteadof trying to recoup those development funds afterwards, which can berisky due to events such as competing format wars where one of theformats often fails and results in losses to supporters or adopters ofthat format).

Also as can be seen in FIG. 6, the user can have the option ofpurchasing the unlimited format and/or version license for one,multiple, or any number of devices. Although the prices can go upaccordingly, an unlimited personal use license in any format can ensurethat a user only has to purchase a license for an application once, asthe user can install that application in any format on any supporteddevice without having to repurchase the application, purchase a newlicense, etc. It should be understood, however, that users mightpurchase less than full use licenses in order to reduce costs,particularly if the user is not sure how much the user will enjoy or usethe application, but that the user might want additional formats,versions, or device installs at one or more subsequent times. Approachesin accordance with various embodiments can enable users to upgrade theirlicenses for less than the cost of a new license. For example, in

FIG. 5 a user can purchase a single format and version of an applicationfor installation on a single device. If the user frequently uses theapplication, the user might want to upgrade to own any version of thatapplication, and be able to install that application on any device. Thesingle device and format license is $9.99 in that example, with thelimited license being $39.99. In some embodiments, the user might beonly charged the extra $30.00 to upgrade the license, while in otherembodiments the user might be charged some intermediate additionalprice, such as $32.99, which is less than the cost of the unlimitedlicense, but includes an extra fee to cover the cost of the additionaltransaction. Various other approaches and pricing structures can be usedas well within the scope of the various embodiments as should beapparent in light of the present disclosure. In some cases a user mightbe able to receive discounts for licenses, such as by enabling contentproviders to share information (not including user identifyinginformation) about viewing preferences, how often users access certaincontent, how often users finish certain content or how far the averageuser gets, etc.

Once a user obtains or upgrades a license to an application or piece ofcontent, information for that license can be stored to an appropriate(logically) centralized location, such as the license data store 114illustrated in FIG. 1 to be accessible over a network. In someembodiments, a content management service or other such entity cansubscribe to a licensing or rights service, which can manage theinformation for various content providers, users, and other entities. Anadvantage of a rights service is that different formats and/or versionsmight be provided by competing content providers, who might not want toshare information with each other but may need to know the type oflicense the user has already purchased for the piece of content. In someembodiments, the licensing service can handle the royalties associatedwith the content, and might manage (or at least provide informationneeded to manage) the funds associated with the various licenses, suchthat various content providers can receive compensation when the useraccesses their format or version using a license that was purchasedthrough another provider. Various other revenue sharing approaches canbe used as well.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example process 700 for using capability andlicense information as discussed above to dynamically synchronizeapplications, files, and other such data and/or content among two ormore devices, wherein the synchronization takes into account appropriateformat(s) to provide to each device as part of the synchronizationprocess. In this example, a request is received to register a first userdevice with a content management service 702, such as where a userselects an icon or link on a device which causes a request to be sentover a network to a service or other such entity. Unless suchinformation is included in the initial request or otherwise available tothe content management service, the service can send a response to thefirst user device asking for the capabilities of that device, as well asinformation about the installed applications, stored content and data,and other such information 704. This can include a request for alldevice capabilities, a specific capability, or anything inbetween, aswell as a request for all applications and files or a subset thereof. Amessage or other communication including at least some of the requestedinformation then can be received from the first user device 706. Thecontent management service then can store at least some of thisinformation with respect to the first user device. In other embodiments,the service might request this information during any synchronizationprocess instead of storing the information, or can request thisinformation again at a time of synchronization to determine any delta orchange information to be propagated to another device.

At a specific point in time, a request is received to register a seconduser device with the service 708. For example, the request can includean explicit synchronization command, a separate synchronization requestcan be received, or the user can configure the service to synchronizeamong devices in various embodiments, among other such options. Inresponse, the service can request at least capability information forthe second user device 710. Assuming the user has in some way authorizedsynchronization between the devices, the content management service candetermine the appropriate versions and/or formats of applications, filesof content, and other elements or data objects from the first userdevice to be installed or copied over to the second device as part ofthe synchronization 712. The content management service can alsodetermine the rights that the user has to additional versions, formats,and/or copies of those elements or objects 714. While in this examplethe license verification is performed after obtaining devicecapabilities, it should be understood that these (and additional, fewer,or alternative) steps can be performed in other orders, concurrently, orin parallel within the scope of the various embodiments unless otherwisestated. If the user has a variable or flexible type of license that isnot specific to a single format, version, or other such aspect, thecontent provider can determine the appropriate format and/or versionbased at least in part upon the device capabilities and rightsinformation. As discussed elsewhere herein, this can include determiningcompatible versions or formats, and ranking or otherwise selecting atleast one version or format based on specific ranking or selectioncriteria, as well as using any other appropriate information such asuser preference or behavior information. In some embodiments, thecontent provider also can provider the user with an option of a versionor format to receive out of all compatible formats and versions, etc.Where the user has rights to those elements, the content managementservice can cause appropriate versions to be copied and/or installed tothe second user device 716. In some embodiments, the content managementservice will provide the applications, files, or other content, while inother embodiments the service will cause the information to be receivedto the second user device from one or more content providers. In atleast some embodiments, a similar process will occur to determine andcause appropriate versions of elements and objects on the second userdevice to be copied and/or installed to the first user device 718, inorder to provide for a full two-way synchronization. In someembodiments, where a user is upgrading to a new device, the copyingand/or updating may be primarily, if not completely, in one direction.In other embodiments, such as where there may be three or more devicesto be synchronized, the user might indicate types of content to besynchronized between specific devices. Many other options exist as wellwithin the scope of the various embodiments.

In some instances, a device might not respond with information about itscapabilities.

A device might not respond for any of a number of reasons, such as thedevice being an older device without such communication capabilities, orworking with a different format or protocol, etc. Various approaches canbe utilized in accordance with various embodiments to attempt todetermine which format to enable the user to install on the device. Insome embodiments, a format with the least or lowest capabilityrequirements can be provided, as the device will be most likely to beable to support that format. In some embodiments, the user can also bepresented with an option to select a different format. If the system hasdetermined the various formats to which the user has rights for thecontent, the user can be presented with a list of at least some of thoseformats, and allowed to choose which format to access.

By analyzing capabilities and determining appropriate formats,applications in some embodiments can also be pushed to other devicesthat the user might not even be aware to be capable of supporting thoseapplications. For example, a user might purchase an application thattracks the user's activities over time, with the intention that theapplication will be installed on the user's smart phone and homecomputer. In some embodiments, a user can configure a content managementservice to synchronize applications, data, and files across as many userdevices as possible. In such an embodiment, the service might also causethe application to be installed on other devices as well, such as on theuser's television set (where that set includes processing capability andnetwork access), video game console, and portable media player. As theuser obtains additional or alternative devices, the service can analyzethese devices as they are registered with the service and attempt tosynchronize the applications and data to those new devices to the extentpossible, or at least the extent permitted by the user. The servicecould also monitor new versions or formats of specific applications, andpush those application updates to the appropriate registered devicesbased at least in part upon the capabilities of those devices and therights of the user with respect to those updates.

In some embodiments, user data (e.g., documents and pictures) and otherfiles (e.g., music and video files) can be synchronized across allregistered devices, to the extent possible and/or allowed. In otherembodiments, a cloud service might cause at least some of the data to bestored at a remote location, such as a data warehouse of FIG. 5, wherebycertain devices might instead obtain information enabling that device toaccess that data. For example, a home computer with sufficient storagecapacity might get a copy of each media file for a user, while aportable media device with limited memory might get only certain files,such as frequently accessed files, while the other files are stored inthe data warehouse (or on another user device or appropriate location)and accessible to the media player. Similarly, applications might be toolarge or require more processing power than is available on a certaindevice. For example, a video game might be able to be played on a videogame console with an advanced graphics processor, but might not be ableto be played on a smart phone. In some embodiments, the application canbe executed on a server out in the cloud, and the video output can bestreamed to the smart phone, such that applications can be accessible todevices that otherwise do not have the capabilities needed to run thoseapplications.

The service also can maintain application state across the variousregistered devices. For example, if an application is playing a piece ofcontent (e.g., a music file) on one device the user might decide topause the playing on that device, and access that content from anotherdevice (such as when the user arrives home and wants to listen to a homestereo instead of a car stereo). In this case, the state of theapplication (e.g., the point in the music file) could be maintained, andthe content resumed at the same location on another device, even whenthat other device utilizes a different format of the file. Similarly, auser playing a game on one device might have state maintained by theservice, such that if the user resumes playing the game on a differentregistered device the user can still resume from the same location evenif the formats of the games are different and do not otherwise allow formaintaining game state across devices and/or formats.

Referring back to the example with the video game accessible on thesmart phone, the smart phone might have very different input mechanismsthan the video game console. For example, the smart device might have atouch screen instead of a hand-held, multi-axis controller. In somecases, the cloud service might determine, as part of the devicecapabilities, the available input mechanisms, and select a version ofthe application that is appropriate for those types of input. In otherembodiments, the service might modify an application on the device, forexample, that can map the available inputs of the device to the inputsnecessary for the application or game. For example, the cloud servicemight execute an emulator in the cloud or on the device that enables thecapabilities of the device to be used for certain aspects of theapplication. In other embodiments, the cloud service can provide amapping as part of a library or other set of files capable of being usedby the application to accept input from, and generate output to, thedevice.

The ability for a content management service or other such entity toobtain and/or maintain capability information for various user devicesalso enables other functionality to be implemented with respect to thevarious devices. For example, consider the example configuration 800 ofFIG. 8. In this example, a smart phone 802 and a television 804, bothable to communicate with a content management service over a network,can have their capability information, installed applications, and/orother such information determined by, and available to, the contentmanagement service. As discussed, the content management service (or asimilar entity or system) can determine not only the versions or formatsof specific applications on each device, as well as the capabilities ofeach device, but can also perform mappings and transformations necessaryfor data to be stored and/or processed by each device. Using suchfunctionality, the centralized service can serve as an intermediary or“proxy” device that enables the two devices to communicate with eachother, share data, and perform other such operations, even though thosedevices were not previously associated with each other, may have noknowledge about each other, and might not otherwise be able tocommunicate due to different formats, protocols, etc. The ability toenable any two such devices to communicate without having to have anyknowledge about, or direct communication with, the other device enablesthe devices to interact in any of a number of different ways without anyconfiguration, setup, identification, or other such process, enablingany appropriate devices able to communicate with the content managementto be effectively “plug and play” with respect to various other devicesfor a variety of purposes.

For example, in FIG. 8 the user device 802 may be registered with thecontent management service 812 as discussed elsewhere herein, such thatthe content management service stores, or at least can determine,aspects of the user device such as the installed applications andvarious capabilities. As should be apparent, the content managementservice also can have a number of other devices registered, that may ormay not be associated with the user. In this example, the contentmanagement service is also in communication with a television 804 thatis, or at least works with a device that is, network-capable and able tocommunicate with the content management service 812. A user of the userdevice might like to be able to control aspects of the television 804,such as the volume level or current channel, using the user device 802.Such an approach is not possible using conventional methods, unless theuser device has an infrared (IR) emitter or similar element capable ofemitting IR signals coded in a way to be received and interpreted by thetelevision, as well as an application on the device enabling the user tospecify commands to be transmitted to the television. The device wouldalso have to be programmed to provide appropriately-coded IR signals,and the television of a type that is able to receive and interpret suchsignals.

In this example, however, the user device 802 and television 804 areboth able to communicate over the Internet (or another appropriatenetwork 808) with the content management service 812, or another suchsystem or service. As discussed, the content management service is ableto determine the formats and capabilities of each device, and performnecessary data conversions or transformations for either device. Insteadof (or in addition to) synchronizing information between devices, then,a content management service can be configured to enable communicationsbetween those devices, which can include instructions, commands,requests, and other such communications. Thus, if the content managementservice is able to determine input commands for a first device, andcommunicate information about those available input commands to a seconddevice operable to issue at least some of those types of commands, theservice can enable the second device to control (or at least communicatewith) the first device, even though the devices otherwise have noinformation about each other or any direct means of communication. Insome cases a television might be Web-enabled, or have similarcapabilities enabling commands to be provided over the Internet or asimilar network. Even in such cases, however, there is no guarantee thatthe user device and television will be able to communicate or at leastunderstand various commands using conventional approaches.

Further, in some cases a user will not want a device to receive commandsdirectly from an unknown user or device.

In one example, the content management service could request informationfrom the television 804 indicating acceptable and/or available inputcommands, such as channel or volume controls, and can request anappropriate protocol or format in which those commands must be providedto the television. In some cases, the content management service mightstore this information, and only need an identifier, model number, orother such information from the television. In still other cases, thetelevision or a similar device might provide a model number andmanufacturer information, or similar data, which a communication manager814 or similar component of the content management service can use toobtain that control and format information. In this example, the contentmanagement service can be in communication with systems for one or moremanufacturers 810, or at least services that store information for thosemanufacturers. The content management service can, upon receivingidentification information from the television, send a request to theappropriate manufacturer or other such entity to obtain command, format,and other such information.

The content management service 812 also can obtain similar informationfor the user device 802. For example, the content management servicemight determine at least one format for the user device, as well asavailable input and/or output commands. As discussed above, thecommunication manager 814 or another such component can provide mappingor transformation functionality such that the type of input commandsacceptable to the television 804 can be conveyed to the user device 802in a format that the device can understand, and when a command for thetelevision is received to the communication manager 814 from the userdevice, the communication manager can generate the appropriate commandin the appropriate format to send along to the television. Thus, theuser device can send a command in a format appropriate for the userdevice, which is received by the communication manager, whereby thecommunication manager can generate a corresponding command in a formatappropriate for the television and send along the command to thetelevision 804.

In some embodiments, the user device can access the television or othersuch device by accessing an address (e.g., a hyperlink or URL) providedfor the television. For example, if the television is in a bar orrestaurant which enables customers to change the channel, theestablishment might provide a URL on the side of the television or inanother appropriate location which the user can access to be able tocontrol the television using the accessing device.

In some embodiments, the URL is a link to the content management service812, and also contains an identifier for the particular device beingaccessed as a parameter of the URL. The user then can be presented witha Web page or similar interface indicating the available commands forthat device. As illustrated in the example of FIG. 8, the user devicerenders on a display element 806 a page including user-selectableelements for scrolling through the channels, adjusting the volume, ortyping in a specific channel. The content of the page can be determinedand/or provided by the content management service, the manufacturer ofthe television, or the television itself, among other possible sources.In other embodiments, the user device 802 might execute an applicationthat provides such an interface based upon information received from thecontent management service 812. Various other such sources can bepossible as well. In this example, the user is able to select one of theoptions on the user device, which causes a corresponding message orrequest to be sent to the content management service for translation inat least some embodiments. In other embodiments where each displayedelement has an address and command understandable by the television, andthe television has a unique address, port, or other such location, therequests from the user device can be sent directly to the televisionwithout having to first pass through the content management service(once the service generates and/or provides a Web page to the userdevice that is dynamically determined to be appropriate for the userdevice with commands appropriate for the television).

Another advantage to utilizing a link or other such mechanism to accessanother device via the content management service is that the userdevice does not previously have to be associated with the contentmanagement service for the particular other device. In the situation ofFIG. 8, for example, the television in the establishment might beregistered with a particular service 812. If a user walks into thatestablishment for the first time, the user device likely has notcommunicated with that television before, and may not have communicatedwith that service before. When the user device accesses a link for thattelevision, the request from the user device can be received by thatcontent management service 812, which then can request specificinformation from the device in order to enable that device tocommunicate with the television.

In some embodiments, the service might not even require informationabout the user device, but might instead provide a Web page or similarpage to be rendered on the user device, using a conventional approachcompatible with most devices, which includes links or other mechanismsthat cause requests to be generated in a format capable of controllingthe television, whether those requests first go to the contentmanagement service 812 or go directly to the television 804.

In at least some embodiments, the communication can be two-way, suchthat the television can send information back to the user device. Forexample, if the television has an output for streaming the content beingdisplayed on the television, the television can also send thatinformation to the user device once communication is established via theservice. The television can send other data as well, such as closedcaption data or alternative language audio.

If the television is playing a trivia game, the television (or a devicein commutation with the television) can send question and/or answerinformation to the device, and in at least some embodiments can enablethe user device to act as a game controller for a game being displayedby the television. Many other such interactions are possible as well, asthe content management service effectively enables any appropriatedevices to communicate with each other for any appropriate purpose,enabling any devices able to communicate with the service to effectivelybecome “plug and play” with each other for at least certain types ofinteractions.

In some embodiments, devices might be able to detect other devices in aproximity of the device, such as by using Bluetooth communications,imaging technology, etc. If a device is able to obtain an identifier fora nearby device using such an approach, the device can attempt tocommunicate with that nearby device by contacting a content managementservice or other such entity to attempt to determine whether the servicecan communicate with that device. If both devices are appropriatedevices, each device can contact such a system or service, and once bothare acknowledged by the service the devices can be able to communicatevia that service (to the extent possible). In some cases, the variousdevices might install or execute applications that enable those devicesto communicate with a central service or other such entity that enablescommunications. Any of a number of other approaches for associating adevice with a content management service or other such entity can beused as well within the scope of the various embodiments.

In still other embodiments, a device such as the television 804 in FIG.8 can utilize a content management service 812 or communication manager814 to attempt to interpret commands or requests received from anotherdevice. For example, if the television and user device 802 are both ableto communicate using a communication channel such as Bluetooth, it ispossible for the television to receive a request over that communicationchannel. In some cases, however, the television will not be able tounderstand the request. In at least some embodiments, the television canforward information for the request (e.g., as an attachment or inside awrapper) to a content management service or similar entity, which canattempt to interpret the message. In some embodiments, the contentmanagement service can contain mappings and attempt to use thosemappings or transformations to interpret the commands. In otherembodiments, the service can attempt to contact the user device (usingthe origination information from the original request) to requestformat, capability, and/or other such information from the user devicefor use in interpreting the commands. It should be understood that theopposite is possible as well, wherein the user device contacts a contentmanagement service or similar entity to transform a command before thatcommand is sent by the user device to the television, etc.

In some embodiments, devices can expose a specified set of commands. Forexample, the television 804 might expose commands that enable anotherdevice to change the channel, but might not enable the device to recorda show for a television with built-in recording capability.

In other examples, a user might be able to configure or allow certaincommands or ranges of commands. For example, a user configuring thetelevision might enable a user to only change the station to certainchannels, such as channels only displaying certain types of content. Inanother example, a user might set the allowable range of volume that canbe adjusted on the television, such that another user device cannot turnthe volume up too loud or mute the television. A user can configure anyset or ranges of commands as appropriate, such as enabling certainchannels to be accessed at certain times, enabling different types ofusers to submit different commands, etc.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example process 900 for enabling two devices tointeract that can be utilized in accordance with various embodiments. Inthis example, a request is received from a user device to a cloudservice (or similar system or service) 902. The request includesinformation associated with a specific second device, which can be adifferent type of device than the user device and may communicate usinga different format and/or protocol. The cloud service can send a requestto the second device for capability and other such information 904. Ifthe device is registered with that cloud service, the service might havepreviously obtained the capability information and stored thatinformation for subsequent use. Similarly, in at least some embodimentsthe cloud service also attempts to obtain capability and other suchinformation for the user device as well, if not already available to thecloud service. The cloud service can receive capability information fromthe second device 906 in response to the request.

Based at least in part upon the capability information of the seconddevice, the cloud service can send interaction information to the userdevice 908. As discussed, this can include any appropriate interactioninformation in any appropriate format, such as a file containing a listof available commands or a Web page with user-selectable elementsenabling the user to submit certain commands to the second device viathose elements. In some embodiments this information will be submittedin a format determined to be appropriate for the user device, and thecloud service can maintain a format mapping for the user and seconddevices if necessary. When the cloud service receives a command from theuser device for the second device 910, where the commands are not sentdirectly to the second device, the cloud service can perform anytransformation or reformatting of the command as necessary based uponthe mappings or other such information 912, and can send the formattedcommand to the second device for processing 914. A similar approach canbe used to send commands or requests from the second device to the userdevice as discussed elsewhere herein. Such a process enables any twoappropriate devices to effectively be plug and play with respect to eachother via the content management service or other such entity.

In some embodiments a system or service operating in the cloud can notonly act as an intermediary between two unrelated devices, but can alsoenable the devices to run coordinated applications or other code orscript. If each device is running certain software or at least able tospeak certain protocols, the cloud device can create coordinatedexperiences across any number of devices of any appropriate type. In oneexample, a user with a cell phone could potentially answer that callusing any other appropriate user device, such as a television, carstereo, alarm clock, etc. By knowing (or being able to determine) thecapabilities of each device, the cloud device or service can also formatthe content in any appropriate manner, such as to convert a cell phonecall into a voice chat or even video chat if the device has theappropriate capabilities. Any two devices which may have no inherentcoordination and have never been tested together can work togetherautomatically via the cloud with no manual configuration needed onbehalf of the user(s).

A user can also associate certain devices to interact in certain waysvia a cloud service.

For example, a user might be configure a computing device to send textmessages to the user's clock radio during the night. The clock radiomight be able to forward alarm settings to the user's watch when thealarm is set. Because the cloud is able to map formats as necessary,content from a user's personal media player might also be able to beplayed on the clock radio, even where the media player plays files of aformat that is not otherwise supported by the clock radio. Those mediafiles might also be accessible from other devices, such as the user'scar stereo, a television set, or any other device with an appropriatenetwork connection able to speak an appropriate protocol or execute anappropriate application, etc. Such an approach thus enables devices toprovide enhanced functionality, such as to enable a clock radio to playMP3 files (obtained and converted or mapped from another device), wherethat clock radio otherwise does not provide that functionality. Further,that functionality can be expanded to other locations or types ofdevices.

A user can also enable various devices to interact, at least to someextent, with any appropriate devices, such as friends' devices, devicesin the workplace, or even devices in public places. Such interaction canbe configurable by a user, such as to determine whether to enable otherdevices to obtain data, push data, or otherwise perform certainoperations with respect to a user device. In some embodiments, a usermust either request or grant access to each unknown device, at least foran initial interaction. A user might also specify a type of access foreach unknown device. In addition to being able to send content, files,or applications to the other devices, such as to play the user's musicon a stereo in a restaurant or store, the device also can be enabled topull such content, such as to pull music from multiple friends' devicesand generate a playlist that includes songs from each. A cloud servicecan also coordinate playback on multiple devices, such that if a groupof friends are each watching video content on separate devices, theplayback can be synchronized (even across different formats) such thateach friend is seeing the same video content at substantially the sametime. Various other types of interaction can be enabled as well, asshould be apparent in light of the present disclosure.

In some embodiments, multiple devices can interact whereby the resultingaction depends upon a consensus of those devices. For example, in arestaurant with multiple users suggesting channels for the main screen,the restaurant might show the channel that is voted on by the most userdevices. In other embodiments, a store might play a type of music thatappeals to most of the users in the store based upon information such asplaylists stored on those users' devices. Similarly, the user devicescan receive content based at least in part upon the capabilities andcommunication with a cloud service. For example, a device in arestaurant could have the menu pushed to the device, whereby the usercan order using the device. A store could push coupons or specials tothe user device. In a shoe store, a user device might be able to take apicture of a shoe and upload that information, along with the user'sstored shoe size, to the store system to determine whether they havethat item in the user's size, and request to be able to try on orpurchase that shoe in the user's size. In a commercial, restaurant, orretail establishment, for example, a device can connect with a systemfor that establishment to enable the user to pay a bill using creditcard information stored on, or captured by, the user device. Otherservices can take advantage of the capabilities of a user device aswell, such as to check out of a hotel room or determine the state of arepair. And this functionality can be offered regardless of the type,format, or protocol of device, as long as a centralized service orsimilar entity is able to communicate with, and format content orinstructions for, that device.

Further, the cloud can synchronize devices and enable those devices toprovide functionality not possible using one of those devices alone. Forexample, a user might have a television, a tablet computer, and a voicerecorder. If each of these devices is able to communicate with the cloudservice, the capabilities of these devices can be combined to enable theuser to perform a video chat with another user, which would not havebeen possible using any of these devices individually. If five users ina room have devices with mono speakers, the devices can be coordinatedto each play a specific audio channel in order to provide a surroundsound experience. In some embodiments, a user in a store looking at anelectronic device can receive a message to the user device indicatingadditional functionality that will be available for the user device inthe event the user buys the electronic device. For example, the usermight be looking at an Internet-enabled car stereo. If the user deviceis able to detect this item, the user device can generate a notificationfor the user that the user will be able to obtain functionality such asplaying music from the user device through the car stereo in ahigher-quality format than is possible with the user device.

In some embodiments, a store system can access information (such aspreference or purchase history information) from the user device andcompare that with items in stock to attempt to suggest specific items tothe user. In some cases, the system could suggest entire outfits basedon preferences, current styles, the user's sizes, and other suchinformation, and could potentially have those collections available totry on by the time the user gets to the dressing room (where theinformation could be sent to an employee's device to gather the pieces,etc.) In some cases, the user can see images of suggestions and canclick a “like” or “dislike” button on the device for each suggestion,which can help the store system to improve its suggestions. Variousother types of such interactions can be performed as well as should beapparent in light of the present disclosure.

As discussed above, the various embodiments can be implemented in a widevariety of operating environments, which in some cases can include oneor more user computers, computing devices, or processing devices whichcan be used to operate any of a number of applications. User or clientdevices can include any of a number of general purpose personalcomputers, such as desktop or laptop computers running a standardoperating system, as well as cellular, wireless, and handheld devicesrunning mobile software and capable of supporting a number of networkingand messaging protocols. Such a system also can include a number ofworkstations running any of a variety of commercially-availableoperating systems and other known applications for purposes such asdevelopment and database management. These devices also can includeother electronic devices, such as dummy terminals, thin-clients, gamingsystems, and other devices capable of communicating via a network.

Various aspects also can be implemented as part of at least one serviceor Web service, such as may be part of a service-oriented architecture.Services such as Web services can communicate using any appropriate typeof messaging, such as by using messages in extensible markup language(XML) format and exchanged using an appropriate protocol such as SOAP(derived from the “Simple Object Access Protocol”). Processes providedor executed by such services can be written in any appropriate language,such as the Web Services Description Language (WSDL). Using a languagesuch as WSDL allows for functionality such as the automated generationof client-side code in various SOAP frameworks.

Most embodiments utilize at least one network that would be familiar tothose skilled in the art for supporting communications using any of avariety of commercially-available protocols, such as TCP/IP, OSI, FTP,UPnP, NFS, CIFS, and AppleTalk. The network can be, for example, a localarea network, a wide-area network, a virtual private network, theInternet, an intranet, an extranet, a public switched telephone network,an infrared network, a wireless network, and any combination thereof.

In embodiments utilizing a Web server, the Web server can run any of avariety of server or mid-tier applications, including HTTP servers, FTPservers, CGI servers, data servers, Java servers, and businessapplication servers. The server(s) also may be capable of executingprograms or scripts in response requests from user devices, such as byexecuting one or more

Web applications that may be implemented as one or more scripts orprograms written in any programming language, such as Java®, C, C# orC++, or any scripting language, such as Perl, Python, or TCL, as well ascombinations thereof. The server(s) may also include database servers,including without limitation those commercially available from Oracle° ,Microsoft®, Sybase®, and IBM®.

The environment can include a variety of data stores and other memoryand storage media as discussed above. These can reside in a variety oflocations, such as on a storage medium local to (and/or resident in) oneor more of the computers or remote from any or all of the computersacross the network. In a particular set of embodiments, the informationmay reside in a storage-area network (“SAN”) familiar to those skilledin the art. Similarly, any necessary files for performing the functionsattributed to the computers, servers, or other network devices may bestored locally and/or remotely, as appropriate. Where a system includescomputerized devices, each such device can include hardware elementsthat may be electrically coupled via a bus, the elements including, forexample, at least one central processing unit (CPU), at least one inputdevice (e.g., a mouse, keyboard, controller, touch screen, or keypad),and at least one output device (e.g., a display device, printer, orspeaker). Such a system may also include one or more storage devices,such as disk drives, optical storage devices, and solid-state storagedevices such as random access memory (“RAM”) or read-only memory(“ROM”), as well as removable media devices, memory cards, flash cards,etc.

Such devices also can include a computer-readable storage media reader,a communications device (e.g., a modem, a network card (wireless orwired), an infrared communication device, etc.), and working memory asdescribed above. The computer-readable storage media reader can beconnected with, or configured to receive, a computer-readable storagemedium, representing remote, local, fixed, and/or removable storagedevices as well as storage media for temporarily and/or more permanentlycontaining, storing, transmitting, and retrieving computer-readableinformation. The system and various devices also typically will includea number of software applications, modules, services, or other elementslocated within at least one working memory device, including anoperating system and application programs, such as a client applicationor Web browser. It should be appreciated that alternate embodiments mayhave numerous variations from that described above. For example,customized hardware might also be used and/or particular elements mightbe implemented in hardware, software (including portable software, suchas applets), or both. Further, connection to other computing devicessuch as network input/output devices may be employed.

Storage media and computer readable media for containing code, orportions of code, can include any appropriate media known or used in theart, including storage media and communication media, such as but notlimited to volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable mediaimplemented in any method or technology for storage and/or transmissionof information such as computer readable instructions, data structures,program modules, or other data, including RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memoryor other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disk (DVD) orother optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic diskstorage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which canbe used to store the desired information and which can be accessed bythe a system device. Based on the disclosure and teachings providedherein, a person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate other waysand/or methods to implement the various embodiments.

The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in anillustrative rather than a restrictive sense. It will, however, beevident that various modifications and changes may be made thereuntowithout departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention asset forth in the claims.

1. A computer-implemented method of enabling devices with differentcapabilities to interact, comprising: under control of one or morecomputer systems configured with executable instructions, receiving afirst request to register a first electronic device for a user with acontent management service; obtaining capability information for thefirst electronic device; receiving a second request from the firstelectronic device to interact with a second electronic device, thesecond electronic device capable of being a different type of devicethan the first electronic device; sending a request to the secondelectronic device requesting capability information for the secondelectronic device; receiving a response from the second electronicdevice including capability information for the second electronicdevice; based at least in part on the capability information for thesecond electronic device, providing interaction information to the firstelectronic device, the interaction information indicating at least oneinput command capable of being executed on the second electronic device;and in response to receiving a command from the first electronic deviceto be executed on the second electronic device, changing at least one ofa format or protocol of the command based at least in part upon thecapabilities of the second electronic device and forwarding the changedcommand on to second electronic device, wherein the first and secondelectronic devices are able to interact through the content managementservice, the devices being unable to directly interact with each otherto perform the at least one command.
 2. The computer-implemented methodof claim 1, wherein at least one of the first and second electronicdevices is able to execute an application enabling the electronic deviceto communicate with the content management service and displayinformation to a user of the electronic device.
 3. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the first and secondelectronic devices are associated with different users.
 4. Acomputer-implemented method of enabling devices to interact, comprising:under control of one or more computer systems configured with executableinstructions, receiving a request from a first user device to interactwith a second user device; determining one or more capabilities of thesecond user device; changing at least one of a format or protocol of acommand, received from the first user device, to be executed on thesecond user device based at least in part upon the determined one ormore capabilities of the second user device; and forwarding the commandto the second electronic device in the determined at least one format,whereby the first device is able to interact with the second devicewithout having knowledge of the determined at least one format or thecapabilities of the second user device.
 5. The computer-implementedmethod of claim 4, wherein determining one or more capabilities of thesecond user device includes contacting at least one third party systemstoring the capability information for the second user device.
 6. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 4, wherein determining one or morecapabilities of the second user device includes determining one or morecommands capable of being received and executed by the second userdevice.
 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 4, wherein the oneor more capabilities of the second user device include at least one ofprocessing capabilities, amount of memory, audio capabilities, videorendering capabilities, display capabilities, rate of power consumption,available battery life, available input mechanisms, available outputmechanisms, data connection type, and peripheral information.
 8. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 4, further comprising: providingfor display to the user on the first user device at least one commandcapable of being executed on the second user device based at least inpart upon the determined one or more capabilities of the second userdevice.
 9. The computer-implemented method of claim 8, wherein providingfor display to the user on the first user device at least one commandcapable of being executed on the second user device includes providing aWeb page including at least one user-selectable element corresponding tothe at least one command.
 10. The computer-implemented method of claim9, wherein each user-selectable element causes a request to be sent to acommunication service capable of changing a format or protocol of therequest and sending the changed request to the second user device. 11.The computer-implemented method of claim 9, wherein each user-selectableelement causes a request to be sent to the second user device, therequest including information formatted for the second user device asdetermined by a communication service having generated code for the Webpage based at least in part upon the one or more capabilities of thesecond user device.
 12. The computer-implemented method of claim 4,wherein the command is initially received by the second user device, thesecond user device forwarding information for the command to acommunication service in order to change at least one of the format orprotocol of the command for the second user device.
 13. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 4, further comprising: maintainingstate information for each of the first and second user devices in orderto execute coordinated applications across the first and second userdevices.
 14. The computer-implemented method of claim 4, whereinenabling the first device to interact with the second device furtherenables expanded functionality to be provided using combinedcapabilities of the first and second user devices.
 15. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 4, wherein at least one of thefirst and second user devices is able to execute an application enablingthe electronic device to communicate with the content management serviceand display information to a user of the electronic device.
 16. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 4, further comprising: enabling thefirst and second user devices to interact with at least a third userdevice without having knowledge of the determined at least one format orthe capabilities of the third user device.
 17. A system for enablingdevices to interact, comprising a processor; and memory includinginstructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the system to:receive a request from a first user device to interact with a seconduser device; determine one or more capabilities of the second userdevice; change at least one of a format or protocol of a command,received from the first user device, to be executed on the second userdevice based at least in part upon the determined one or morecapabilities of the second user device; and forward the command to thesecond electronic device in the determined at least one format, wherebythe first device is able to interact with the second device withouthaving knowledge of the determined at least one format or thecapabilities of the second user device.
 18. The system of claim 17,wherein determining one or more capabilities of the second user deviceincludes determining one or more commands capable of being received andexecuted by the second user device.
 19. The system of claim 17, whereinthe instructions when executed further cause the system to: provide fordisplay to the user on the first user device at least one commandcapable of being executed on the second user device based at least inpart upon the determined one or more capabilities of the second userdevice.
 20. The system of claim 17, wherein the instructions whenexecuted further cause the system to: maintain state information foreach of the first and second user devices in order to executecoordinated applications across the first and second user devices. 21.The system of claim 17, wherein the instructions when executed furthercause the system to: enable the first and second user devices tointeract with at least a third user device without having knowledge ofthe determined at least one format or the capabilities of the third userdevice.
 22. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium includinginstructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to:receive a request from a first user device to interact with a seconduser device; determine one or more capabilities of the second userdevice; change at least one of a format or protocol of a command,received from the first user device, to be executed on the second userdevice based at least in part upon the determined one or morecapabilities of the second user device; and forward the command to thesecond electronic device in the determined at least one format, wherebythe first device is able to interact with the second device withouthaving knowledge of the determined at least one format or thecapabilities of the second user device.
 23. The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium of claim 22, wherein determining one ormore capabilities of the second user device includes determining one ormore commands capable of being received and executed by the second userdevice.
 24. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim22, wherein the instructions when executed further cause the system to:provide for display to the user on the first user device at least onecommand capable of being executed on the second user device based atleast in part upon the determined one or more capabilities of the seconduser device.
 25. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium ofclaim 22, wherein the instructions when executed further cause thesystem to: enable the first and second user devices to interact with atleast a third user device without having knowledge of the determined atleast one format or the capabilities of the third user device.